Shoulder Glenohumeral Ligament Restraint Complex

Superior Glenohumeral Ligament (SGHL)

The SGHL extends from the anteriosuperior labrum to the humerus. It functions as a primary restraint to inferior translation when the arm is at 0° degrees of abduction in neutral rotation. Additionally, the SGHL prevents anteroinferior translation of the long head of biceps, effectively serving as a biceps pulley.

Middle Glenohumeral Ligament (MGHL)

The MGHL plays a critical role in shoulder stability by resisting both anterior and posterior translation in the midrange of abduction (approximately 45°) when the arm is in external rotation.

Inferior Glenohumeral Ligament (IGHL)

Posterior Band IGHL

The posterior band of the IGHL serves as the most important restraint to posterior subluxation when the shoulder is at 90° flexion and internal rotation. Tightness in this structure can lead to internal impingement and increased shear forces on the superior labrum, which has been linked to SLAP lesions.

Anterior Band IGHL

From a stability perspective, the anterior band of the IGHL functions as the primary restraint to anterior and inferior translation at 90° abduction and maximum external rotation, which is particularly relevant during the late cocking phase of throwing. Anatomically, it anchors into the anterior labrum, forming a weak link that predisposes the shoulder to Bankart lesions.

Superior Band IGHL

The superior band of the IGHL is considered the most important static stabilizer about the joint. Research has shown that there is a 100% increased strain on the superior band of IGHL in the presence of a SLAP lesion.

Coracohumeral Ligament (CHL)

The CHL extends from the coracoid process to the rotator cable. It limits posterior translation when the shoulder is in flexion, adduction, and internal rotation. Additionally, the CHL limits inferior translation and external rotation when the arm is in an adducted position.

References

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